C++

• C++ References: Aliases, Binding, Lifetime, and Interface Design — How references alias existing objects, why assignment does not reseat them, and when pointers, handles, or values make clearer contracts.
• C++ Universal References: Forwarding and Perfect Forwarding — How forwarding references accept lvalues and rvalues, why named parameters become lvalue expressions, and how std::forward restores the caller’s value category.